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What Remote Attestation Is (and Isn’t)

Remote attestation lets your server verify what generated a cryptographic proof on a device (e.g., an app running on a verified OS on a genuine device) — not just who is at the other end. In practice, the client creates a key in secure hardware and obtains a verifiable statement about the key and the device/app state. Your server validates that statement against trusted roots and policy.

Key Outcomes:

  • Stronger client trust than “just TLS + user auth” — you know which app and device you’re talking to.
  • Guarantees on hardware-backed key storage: When done right, clients can prove to a service that sensitive cryptographic material is securely stored in hardware, such that it cannot be extracted.
  • Lower fraud risk and tight policy enforcement (e.g., “only unmodified devices with the latest security updates applied may access resource X”).
  • Privacy aspects: On Android, verification uses Google roots but doesn’t require the device to talk to Google during attestation; only your server sees the data. While your backend must check Google’s revocation list, this doesn't expose any data traceable to users to third-party services or Google's infrastructure. (see Android Key Attestation).
    On iOS, the story is a bit different, and, sadly, client devices will need to contact Apple servers to create an attestation statement.
  • Limits: Attestation can’t stop a legitimate user from later abusing an account; it won’t prevent credential theft outside the app; and it doesn’t identify a person — it authenticates an app+device instance, and it cannot detect zero-day exploits.

Performance Impact

  • iOS requires live communication with Apple’s App Attest servers each time an attestation is generated. If network conditions are poor, this round-trip can add noticeable latency.
  • Android produces the attestation statement entirely offline; only your backend needs to fetch Google’s public revocation list asynchronously. Therefore, attestation adds virtually no runtime performance impact for the user.

Platform Differences (high level):

  • Android: provides Key Attestation (attests a key and device state) and App/ID attestation fields in the attestation extension ( see Android Key & ID Attestation).
  • iOS: provides App Attest (attests an app instance and device integrity via Apple's servers). It’s conceptually app attestation, providing no out-of-the-box guarantees about any cryptographic material used by an app. Key attestation can be emulated by binding a hardware-backed public key into the Apple‑signed clientData attestation field (see Apple App Attest).
    Warden Supreme natively supports this as described here.

High-Level Attestation Flow

  1. Initial Trust Establishment (Initial Attestation)
    The very first time an app starts, it performs an attestation ceremony with your backend:

    • The client generates a key inside secure hardware.
    • The platform signs an attestation statement that binds this key to reliable device- & app-state data.
    • Your backend validates the statement against trusted roots and stores the resulting device-key identity as “trusted”.

  2. Normal Operation After trust is established, the app uses the previously attested hardware-backed key for day-to-day authenticated API calls (e.g., by signing requests or establishing mTLS). No further attestation is needed during this period, so performance is on par with ordinary cryptographic operations.

  3. Re-attestation (Periodic or Risk-Based)
    On a schedule, after an OS update, or when risk signals rise, the server can ask the client to re-attest:

    • The client restarts the attestation ceremony. This incurs the same overhead as the initial attestation.
    • The server verifies that the device/app state is still compliant with policy and updates its trust record.

Concepts & Terms used Often

Tip

Refer to the full glossary for a more comprehensive list of relevant terms.

  • Verified Boot — Android’s secure boot chain that verifies each boot stage and enforces locked bootloader policies. An attestation statement exposes the verifiedBootState.
    Apple devices behave similartly, but imply a verified boot process through the mere presence of an Apple-signed attestation statement.
  • TEE (Trusted Execution Environment) — Hardware‑isolated environment inside the CPU/SoC (e.g., ARM TrustZone) securely storing unextractable keys and performing cryptographic operations (see Extraction prevention).
  • StrongBox — (Android only) A separate secure element with dedicated CPU/RAM, providing stronger physical attack resistance than a TEE. Only few devices are manufactured with it (see StrongBox).
  • Secure Enclave - Apple’s secure coprocessor (a secure element, like StrongBox) providing hardware key isolation, implementation of cryptographic procedures and counters inside dedicated hardware (see Secure Enclave).
  • Key Attestation (Android) — X.509 cert chain with an Android‑specific ASN.1 extension (KeyDescription) that encodes device/app state (OS version, patch level, verified boot, app package/signing digest, etc.). (see Android Key Attestation and AOSP schema).
  • App Attest (iOS) — Apple‑operated attestation where DCAppAttestService creates a Secure‑Enclave key and Apple signs an attestation object; your server validates Apple’s chain and the nonce binding to your challenge. (see DeviceCheck / App Attest).
  • Trust Anchor — A root certificate your server trusts to validate an attestation chain. For Android, use Google’s attestation roots; for iOS, Apple’s App Attest root. (see Android Key Attestation and Apple Attestation Validation Guide).
  • User Authentication bound Keys — Android keys can require user presence (biometrics/PIN) per‑use; Warden can enforce or read these authorizations. (see Android Keystore).
  • Remote provisioning — Newer Androids provision attestation/identities over the air; offline devices can exhaust key pools until connectivity returns. Plan for this in testing. (see conceptual notes in AOSP Key & ID Attestation).
  • App vs. Key Attestation (iOS) — iOS does app attestation. Key‑attestation emulation is possible by embedding the public key bytes into the Apple‑signed attestation format (using our unified format). (see Signum Supreme).